Keeb kwm ntawm of the elevator
Pre-kev lag luam era
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of the elevator tsim los ntawm German engineerKonrad Kyeser (1405)
Qhov ntxov tshaj plaws paub siv lub elevator yog nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Roman kws kes duab vajtse Vitruvius, uas tau tshaj tawm tias.Archimedes (c. 287 BC - c. 212 BC)ua nws thawj elevator tej zaum nyob rau hauv 236 BC. Cov peev txheej los ntawm lub sijhawm tom qab hais txog of the elevator li cabs on ahemprope, powered by people or animal.
CovRomanColosseum, ua tiav nyob rau hauv AD 80, muaj kwv yees li 25 lub elevator uas tau siv los yug tsiaj rau hauv pem teb. Txhua lub elevator tuaj yeem nqa txog 600 phaus (270kg) (kwv yees li qhov hnyav ntawm ob tus tsov ntxhuav) 23 ko taw (7.0m) nce thaum siv los ntawm yim tus txiv neej.
Hauv 1000, lubPhau ntawv Secretslos ntawmIbn Khalaf al-MuradiinIslamic Spain tau piav qhia txog kev siv lub elevator-zoo li lifting ntaus ntawv los tsa ib tug loj battering ram los rhuav tshem lub fortress.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, prototypes ntawm elevator tau teeb tsa hauv lub tsev vaj tsev ntawm Askiv thiab Fabkis.Louis XVntawm Francehad ib tug thiaj li hu ua' ya lub rooj zaum' ua rau ib tug ntawm nws cov hluas nkauj ntawm lub Chateau de Versaillesin 1743.
Ancient thiab medieval elevators siv tsav tshuab raws li onhoistsandwindlasses. Lub invention ntawm ib tug system raws li cov ntsia hlau tsav yog tej zaum qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kauj ruam nyob rau hauv elevator technology txij thaum ancient sij hawm, ua rau cov creation ntawm niaj hnub elevator neeg nrog caij. Thawj qhov ntsia hlau-tsav of elevator tau tsim los ntawmIvan Kulibinthiab ntsia rau lub caij ntuj no Palacein 1793, txawm hais tias tej zaum yuav muaj ib qho kev tsim ua ntej los ntawmLeonardo da Vinci. Ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd lwm tus ntawm Kulibin' lub elevator tau teeb tsa hauv ArkhangelskoyenearMoscow.
Industrial era
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm elevator tau coj los ntawm kev xav tau ntawm kev txav ntawm cov khoom siv raw, suav nrog coalandlumber, los ntawm hillsides. Cov thev naus laus zis tsim los ntawm cov kev lag luam no thiab cov kev taw qhia ntawm steel beam tsim ua haujlwm ua ke los muab cov neeg caij tsheb thiab cov khoom thauj khoom siv niaj hnub no.
Pib hauv cov mines thee, elevators nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-19th caug xyoo ua haujlwm nrog lub zog hluav taws xob thiab tau siv rau kev txav khoom hauv ntau hauv mines thiab factories. Cov cuab yeej no tau siv sai sai rau ntau lub hom phiaj. Xyoo 1823,Burton thiab Homer, twoarchitectsinLondon, tau tsim thiab ua haujlwm tshiab cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi uas lawv hu ua" chav nce mus", uas ua rau cov neeg siv khoom nce siab rau qhov siab hauv nruab nrab ntawm London, muab qhov pom kev pom.
Thaum ntxov, crude steam-driven elevators tau refined nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej. Nyob rau hauv 1835, lub elevator tshiab, lubTeagle, yog tsim los ntawm lub tuam txhabFrost thiab Stutthauv tebchaws Askiv. Nws tau siv txoj siv sia thiab siv acounterweight rau lub zog ntxiv.
Xyoo 1845, Neapolitantus kws kes duab vajtseGaetano Genovesentsia hauv Royal Palace ntawm Casertathe" Flying Chair", lub elevator ua ntej ntawm nws lub sijhawm, npog nrog ntoo txiv ntseej sab nraud thiab nrog cov ntoo maple sab hauv. Nws suav nrog lub teeb, ob lub rooj zaum, thiab lub teeb liab ua haujlwm tes, thiab tuaj yeem qhib tau los ntawm sab nraud, tsis muaj kev siv zog los ntawm cov neeg nyob. Traction yog tswj los ntawm ib tug kws kho tsheb uas siv ib tug txheej txheem ntawm toothed log. Lub kaw lus kev nyab xeeb tau tsim los siv yog tias cov hlua tawg, uas muaj cov nqaj thawb tawm sab nraud los ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav steel.
Lub hydraulic crane tau tsim los ntawmSirWilliam ArmstrongXyoo 1846, feem ntau yog siv rau ntawm Tynesidedocks rau kev thauj khoom thauj. Lawv tau hloov cov elevators ua ntej ua ntej, siv Pascal' txoj cai los muab kev quab yuam ntau dua. Lub twj tso kua dej tau muab cov qib sib txawv ntawm cov dej siab mus rau lub plunger hauv lub tog raj kheej ntsug, tso cai rau lub platform, nqa lub nra hnyav, nce thiab txo qis. Counterweights thiab sib npaug kuj tau siv los ua kom lub zog nqa.
Elisha Otisdemonstrated nws txoj kev nyab xeeb, ntawm New YorkCrystal Palace, 1853
Henry Watermanntawm New York tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog kev tsim lub" sawv ntsug txoj hlua tswj" rau lub elevator xyoo 1850.
Xyoo 1852,Elisha Otisqhia txog kev nyab xeeb of elevator, uas tiv thaiv lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub cab yog tias lub cable tawg. Nws tau nthuav tawm nws ntawm New York nthuav tawm hauv Crystal Palacein qhov kev nthuav qhia zoo heev, kev tuag-defying kev nthuav qhia nyob rau hauv 1854, thiab thawj tus neeg nrog caij elevator tau teeb tsa ntawm 488 Broadwayin New York Cityon 23 Lub Peb Hlis 1857.
Elisha Otis' lub elevatordaim duab patent, 15 Peb 1861
Thawj elevator ncej ua ntej thawj elevator los ntawm plaub xyoos. Kev tsim kho rauPeter Cooper& #39;sCooper UnionFoundation lub tsev hauv New York pib xyoo 1853. Lub elevator ncej tau suav nrog hauv kev tsim vim tias Cooper ntseeg siab tias lub elevator muaj kev nyab xeeb yuav raug tsim sai sai.Lub ncej yog cylindrical vim Cooper xav tias nws yog qhov tsim tau zoo tshaj plaws.Otis tom qab. tsim ib lub elevator tshwj xeeb rau lub tsev.
Peter Ellis, tus kws tsim qauv Askiv, tau teeb tsa thawj lub elevator uas tuaj yeem piav qhia aspaternoster elevatorsinOriel Chambersin Liverpool hauv xyoo 1868.
CovEquitable Life Building, ua tiav xyoo 1870 hauv New York City, xav tias yog thawj lub tsev ua haujlwm nrog cov neeg caij elevator.
Xyoo 1874,JW Meakerpatented ib txoj kev tso cai rau lub qhov rooj of elevator qhib thiab kaw yam xyuam xim.
Thawj lub elevator tau tsim los ntawmWerner von Siemensnyob rau hauv 1880 nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Tus neeg tsim khoomAnton Freisslerntxiv tsim von Siemens' cov tswv yim thiab tsim kom muaj kev ua haujlwm of the elevator hauv Austria-Hungary. Kev nyab xeeb thiab ceev ntawm hluav taws xob elevator tau txhim kho zoo los ntawmFrank Sprague, leej twg ntxiv kev tswj hauv pem teb, kev ua haujlwm tsis siv neeg, kev tswj kom nrawm, thiab cov cuab yeej siv kev nyab xeeb ntxiv. Nws lub elevator khiav nrawm dua thiab nrog cov khoom loj dua li hydraulic lossis chav elevator. 584 ntawm Sprague' lub elevator tau teeb tsa ua ntej nws muag nws lub tuam txhab rau Otis Elevator Company hauv 1895. Sprague kuj tau tsim lub tswv yim thiab thev naus laus zis rau ntau lub elevator hauv ib qho chaw.
Xyoo 1882, thaum lub zog hluav taws xob ua hluav taws xob yog qhov tsim tau zoo, lub tuam txhab tom qab lub npe hu ua London Hydraulic Power Company tau tsim los ntawmEdward B. Ellingtonthiab lwm tus. Nws tau tsim ib lub network ntawm high-pressure mains ntawm ob sab ntawm Thames uas thaum kawg txuas mus rau 184 mais (296km) thiab powered ib co 8,000 tshuab, feem ntau elevators, thiab cranes.
Schuyler Wheelerpatented nws lub elevator tsim hluav taws xob hauv xyoo 1883.
Xyoo 1887, American InventorAlexander Milesntawm Duluth, Minnesota patented lub elevator nrog lub qhov rooj tsis siv neeg uas kaw lub elevator ncej thaum lub tsheb tsis nkag los yog tawm.
Thawj lub elevator hauv Is Nrias teb tau teeb tsa ntawm lubRaj BhavanHauv Calcutta (tam sim noKolkata) los ntawm Otis hauv 1892.
Los ntawm xyoo 1900, muaj cov elevator ua haujlwm tiav, tab sis cov neeg caij tsheb tsis kam siv lawv. Lawv txoj kev saws me nyuam tau pab los ntawm 1945 tus neeg ua haujlwm of the elevator tawm tsam hauv New York City, thiab ntxiv rau lub khawm nres thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev, xov tooj xwm txheej ceev, thiab lub suab piav qhia lub suab zoo.
Inverter-tswj gearless tsav system yog siv nyob rau hauv high-ceev elevator thoob ntiaj teb. CovToshiba tuam txhabKev tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv ntawm thyristors rau siv hauv kev tswj hwm inverter thiab ua kom lawv cov peev xwm hloov pauv tau zoo, uas ua rau muaj kev txhim kho ntawm lub rooj vag bipolar transistors (IGBTs) thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1980s. Lub IGBT paub txog kev hloov pauv ntau zaus thiab txo cov suab nrov sib nqus hauv lub cev muaj zog, tshem tawm qhov xav tau ntawm lub tshuab lim dej thiab tso cai rau lub zog ntau dua. Lub IGBT kuj tau tso cai rau kev txhim kho me me, kev sib koom ua ke zoo heev, cov cuab yeej siv digital tswj tag nrho, suav nrog cov txheej txheem kev kub ceev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog customized rooj vag arrays, thiab ib lub voj voog uas muaj peev xwm tswj tau cov dej loj ntawm ob peb kHz.
Nyob rau hauv 2000, thawj lub tshuab nqus tsev elevator tau muaj kev lag luam hauvArgentina.
